As the attempted eviction of Travellers from Dale Farm seemed more likely, claims surfaced in the media that the Travellers themselves had left and that only “activists” were remaining at Dale Farm. Reporting for the Guardian from inside Dale Farm, John Bingham wrote “The girls are angered at suggestions in the media that there are no travellers inside, only activists. ‘We’re more than grateful, says one.’We’re all activists,’ adds another.”

This call for support was posted on the Dale Farm Travellers blog: “Today, we are witnessing the beginning of a new solidarity movement, with settled people standing up with Gypsies, Travellers and Roma to help fight for their rights.” The Travellers blog lists SMS alert system, a legal hotline, a twitter account, a link for donations and a “welcome pack” for activists available as a Microsoft Word Document, a PDF and the free and open source OpenDocument format. The welcome pack is a 16 page document covering the political and legal context, cultural sensitivity and other topics. The following background information is excerpted from the welcome pack:

“Romani Gypsies and Irish Travellers have been held to be ‘ethnic’ groups for the purpose of the Race Relations Act (RRA) 1976. In CRE v Dutton,1 the Court of Appeal found that Romani Gypsies were a minority with a long, shared history, a common geographical origin and a cultural tradition of their own. In O’Leary v Allied Domecq,2 HHJ Goldstein reached a similar decision in respect of Irish Travellers. Although a county court judgment, it should be noted that, in Northern Ireland, Irish Travellers are explicitly protected from discrimination under Race Relations (Northern Ireland) Order 1997 article 5…” (9)

“In 2004, Trevor Phillips, former Chair of the Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) and now Chair of the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC), compared the situation of Gypsies and Travellers living in Great Britain to that of black people living in the American Deep South in the 1950s.” (9)

“Romani Gypsies and Irish Travellers have been held to be ‘ethnic’ groups for the purpose of the Race Relations Act (RRA) 1976. In CRE v Dutton,1 the Court of Appeal found that Romani Gypsies were a minority with a long, shared history, a common geographical origin and a cultural tradition of their own. In O’Leary v Allied Domecq,2 HHJ Goldstein reached a similar decision in respect of Irish Travellers. Although a county court judgment, it should be noted that, in Northern Ireland, Irish Travellers are explicitly protected from discrimination under Race Relations (Northern Ireland) Order 1997 article 5…” (9)

Comments on The Guardian’s Live Blog posted during coverage of the Eviction event on September 19, 2011 reveal a range of reactions to both the legal question of whether the Travellers have a right to live on or build on the land, but more importantly uncover the range of racial/ethnic and cultural prejudice against them.

A reader using the name “today12” wrote:

“I grew up in Crays Hill and attended the local school, which now has the 2nd worst attendance record in the UK and the worst sats results. Out of the 110 pupils, 107 of them are ‘travellers’. Many of them too are also abusive, antisocial, messy and once set a car on fire and pelted the firemen when they arrived. There has been a shooting murder on the site because of traveller rivalry. I do wish their supporters would consider the lives of the local residents. Many Crays Hill residents are afraid to speak out because of retribution; not because they support the travellers. Also there are many more sites they can live on in the Basildon area, it’s on the council’s website, but they are just ungrateful and what to cause trouble.”

A reader using the name “Essexfella” wrote:

“As a local I can tell you all that the opinion of the majority in the area is that they should not be there. Local people have been fighting for this for 10 years. Yes they own the land but it has no permission to build.

If you want land in Essex that can be built on, you pay more for it. Why should any part of our community buy cheap land and then flout the planning laws?”

On the Dale Farm Traveller’s blog, racist comments include:

Posted by “Craig Compton”:

“by by pikies, by by scum.

by by pikies, your time has finally come.”

Posted by “Jennifer Cooper”:

“it will be a good day tomorrow when the whole lot of you scrounging pikeys are evicted.”

“i would be very happy to call any of these filthy low life pikeys and a few others things to their faces. enjoy your last evening, the bailiffs are coming to move you the gypos tomorrow. wish i could come a watch. just think this time tomorrow you will be enjoying your next squat spoiling the countryside somewhere else.”

Posted by “Zoey”:

“Muppet. Blame the government because a bunch of scroungers try and pass themselves off as Roma? maybe we should sue you for all the money the scroungers have siphoned off the taxpayer. Eh? How bout that??

Fire up those bulldozers soon Constant and co.”

One anonymous commenter repeatedly posted excerpts from an article appearing in The Daily Mail on September 17th, 2011 titled “Travellers’ real homes are back in Ireland and they will NOT be ‘homeless nomads’ if they are evicted.” The article  describes homes in Ireland owned by some of the applicants named in the petitions to allow residents to remain on Dale Farm. The article uses “evidence” of home ownership and financial resources to refute the claim that the residents of Dale Farm would have nowhere to go were they evicted.  The homes mentioned are in Rathkeale, Ireland.

The Telegraph reports, in a photo caption “The unofficial portion of Dale Farm is exclusively occupied by members of the Irish Traveller community, whose cultural roots are in the town of Rathkeale, County Limerick, Ireland.”

Several commenters on the Travellers blog referred to the case earlier in the month of forced laborers rescued from another Traveller site. One commenter, responding to a question about why 90% of Gypsy and Traveller land use planning applications are rejected asked “Do you condone slavery then?” implying that supporting the rights of the Travellers at Dale Farm meant supporting slavery and forced labor Police claim to have found at another Traveller site. Another anonymous commenter challenged the authenticity of the Travellers’ identity and the use of the discourse of ethnic cleansing: “The people at Dale farm are not real gypsies or romani. How can you compare the eviction to Ethnic cleansing?”

According to reporting by Alexandra Topping, John Baron, MP for Basildon and Billericay, supported  the decision to evict, stating: “I believe we have the moral high ground; everybody has to obey the rules . . . People talk about human rights for minorities, but what we shouldn’t forget is that the majority have human rights too and we are putting that into practice.”

This post represents the beginning of some research I’m doing on the Irish Traveller community at Dale Farm. The working title is “When Nomads Fight To Stay: Land Zoning, Globalized Activism and Forceable Eviction at Dale Farm”

On July 4th, 2011, decades of legal battles came to a head with an eviction order for around seven acres of land in the Dale Farm community, in Essex county England, UK. After the courts ruled that they had settled there illegally, around 400 nomadic Irish Travellers were ordered to leave by August 31, 2011 or face demolition of their homes and property. The part of the settlement in question is described by local authorities as “unauthorized” in contrast to the neighboring and contiguous portion of the farm that is considered “authorized.” The land is classified or zoned as “green belt” and development has occurred without “planning permission.” However, all land in question was owned by Traveller, Romani and Gypsy families, however the seven acres in question, the county claims, were not zoned for residential construction.

Travellers, activists and supporters of the residents have deployed the discourse of “ethnic cleansing” to refer to the eviction. Activists and NGOs are asking not only for housing for the Travellers, but “culturally appropriate” housing. The local government (Basildon Council) is estimated to be prepared to spend 18 million pounds (about 30 million dollars) to evict and demolish the property. In September, 2011 Security forces constructed a compound outside Dale Farm from which to plan and coordinate the eviction.

“…modern totalitarianism can be defined as the establishment, by means of the state of exception, of a legal civil war that allows for the physical elimination not only of political adversaries but of entire categories of citizens who for some reason cannot be integrated into the political system” (Agamben 2005:2)

What’s happening here at the intersection of racism, prejudice and land zoning? How are zoning restrictions being used to enact exclusion of these nomadic people? How does international law speak to these issues? Are the travelers de facto stateless people, or UK citizens who also live in a legal grey area due to their nomadic tradition, lifestyle and reaction to those facts?

The former owner of the land, Ray Bocking, a scrapyard dealer sold the land to the travellers in 2001. He is interviewed, the video is available on YouTube. Prior to the Traveller residence, the land was mostly concrete and was used as a scrapyard. However, the Basildon council argues that they the land is “greenbelt.” Constant & Co. have been hired as the bailiffs in this matter. The following text appears on the Constant & Co. web site under “Enforcement Services,” in the submenu “Travellers & Squatters”:

Travellers

Constant & Company are employed nationally on a daily basis to recover possession of land from unwanted trespassers. We believe we are the most experienced, professional and busiest company in this type of work.

Court proceedings involve delay that can be extremely expensive. An occupation over several weeks at a trading site or shopping mall can result in a disastrous loss of business, but there is a fast alternative course of action that we utilise regularly and very successfully for many high-profile clients. Our bailiffs take legal possession of an occupied site usually within 24 to 48 hours of being instructed. Police are informed and called upon as necessary. We arrange attendance of tow trucks and cleansing contractors if needed.

Maybe your property has recently been occupied and has now been vacated. You may be thinking about clean-up services, temporary site security and/or concrete barriers quickly to prevent it happening again? We are your ‘one-stop shop’ and can provide a tailored, cost effective solution through our carefully selected partners.

A telephone call will initiate the process.

On August 5, 2011, Raquel Rolnik, the UN Special Rapporteur on the right to adequate housing said “Evictions constitute a grave breach of human rights if not carried out with full respect for international standards…We urge the UK authorities to halt the evictions process and to pursue negotiations with the residents until an acceptable agreement for relocation is reached in full conformity with international human rights obligations.”

UN-HABITAT responded to inquiries from the press on September 14, 2011 stating: “ We do not promote nor advocate forced evictions. We recognise and promote the progressive and full realization of the right to adequate housing as articulated in international instruments and the Habitat Agenda. We understand that resettlement may at times be an inevitable part of urban development.” However, in “cases where resettlement is inevitable as a result of all other alternatives and options having been exhausted” the statement calls on parties to “follow due process.” According to the statement, due process means: “a. timely information and sufficient communication to the affected population; b. participation and involvement of those affected; c. adequate compensation; d. alternative adequate housing; e. follow-up post-resettlement to ensure livelihood and economic development.”

The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCR) has offered to enter the negotiations however the offer was rejected by the UK government. Expressing concern for further consequences of the forced eviction, Jan Jarab, the European representative for UNHCR said “It is actually very symbolic, this is the largest Irish Traveller site in the UK and it sends the message across the UK and also across the European Union that the Government is putting its weight behind an eviction based approach.”

September 19th, just before evictions were about to proceed, at 4:46pm, The Guardian reported (via the Press Association) that residents were granted a “last-gasp injunction restraining Basildon council from clearing structures from the site pending a further hearing at London’s high court on Friday.” The Telegraph reported that Justice Edwards-Stuart of London High Court “directed that Basildon should serve a schedule on the residents by noon tomorrow specifying what enforcement measures were proposed on a plot-by-plot basis” and that “residents were to take reasonable steps to permit council officials onsite to discuss arrangements with individuals, to discourage any further student protest, and to procure the dismantling of barricades”

In response the Dale Farm Travellers blog posted: Dale Farm resident, Kathleen McCarthy said, ‘We still need somewhere to go, if we have to leave here. Today is a great victory, but we still need Basildon Council to approve a legal site for us.’

Alexandra Topping for the Guardian wrote: Asked if the council would keep moving the Dale Farm Travellers on, he said they would not be allowed to settle elsewhere in the area: ‘We will keep on moving them until they find a proper site.’

Bibliography

Agamben, Giorgio. 2005. State of exception. University of Chicago Press.